People

Publications

As Editor

Higham, J.P. & Roney, J. (Eds). 2017. Field endocrinology of nonhuman and human primates.

Hormones and Behavior 91.

Higham, J.P. & Hebets, E.A. (Eds). 2013. Multimodal communication.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67 (9)

Higham, J.P. & Semple, S. (Eds). 2013. Primate signals.

American Journal of Primatology 75 (7)

Higham, J.P. (Ed). 2009. Primate coloration: measurement, mechanisms and function.

International Journal of Primatology 30 (6)

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Testard, C., Larson, S.M., Watowich, M., Kaplinsky, C.H., Bernau, A., Faulder, M., Marshall, H.H., Lehmann, J., Ruiz-Lambides, A., Higham, J.P., Montague, M., Snyder-Mackler, N., Platt, M.L., Brent, L.J.N. Rhesus macaques build new social connections after a natural disaster.

Current Biology In Press

Melin, A.D., Orkin, J.D., Janiak, M.C., Valenzuela, A., Kuderna, L., Marrone III, F., Ramangason, H., Horvath, J.E., Roos, C., Kitchener, A.C., Khor, C.C., Lim, W.K., Lee, J.G.H., Tan, P., Umapathy, G., Raveendram, M., Harris, R.A., Gut, I., Gut, M., Lizano, E., Nadler, T., Zinner, D., Le, M.D., Manu, S., Rabarivola, C.J., Zaraomody, A., Andriaholinirina, N., Johnson, S.E., Jarvis, E.D., Fredigo, O., Wu, D., Zhang, G. Farh, K.K-H., Rogers, J., Marques-Bonet, T., Navarro, A., Juan, D., Arora, P.S. & Higham, J.P. Variation in predicted COVID-19 risk among lemurs and lorises.

American Journal of Primatology In Press

Janiak, M.C., Montague, M.J., Villamil, C.I., Stock, M.J., Trujillo, A.E., DePasquale, A., Orkin, J., Bauman Surratt, S., Gonzalez, O., Platt, M.L., Martinez, M., Antón S., Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Melin, A.D., Higham, J.P. Age and sex-associated variation in the multi-site microbiome of an entire social group of free-ranging rhesus macaques.

Microbiome In Press

Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M., Agil, M., Perwitasari-Farajallah, D., Widdig, A. & Engelhardt, A. Female fertile phase synchrony, and male mating and reproductive skew, in the crested macaque.

Scientific Reports 11: 4251

Colby, A.E., Kimock, C.M. & Higham, J.P. Endocranial volume is variable and heritable, but not related to fitness, in a free-ranging primate.

Scientific Reports 11: 4235

Higham, J.P., Kimock, C.M., Mandalaywala, T.M., Heistermann M., Cascio, J., Petersdorf, M., Winters, S., Allen, W.L., & Dubuc, C. Female ornaments: is red skin color attractive to males and related to condition in rhesus macaques?

Behavioral Ecology DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa121

Ghazanfar, A.A., Kelly, L.M., Takahashi, D.Y., Winters, S., Terrett, R. & Higham, J.P. 2020. Domestication phenotype linked to vocal communication in a nonhuman primate.

Current Biology 30: 1-17

Melin, A.D., Janiak, M.C., Marrone, F., Arora, P.S. & Higham, J.P. 2020. Comparative ACE2 variation and primate COVID-19 risk.

Communications Biology 3: 641

DeCasien, A.R. & Higham, J.P. 2020. Relative cerebellum size is not sexually dimorphic across primates.

Brain, Behavior and Evolution 95: 93-101

Chiou, K.L.,‌ ‌Montague‌^‌, M.J.,‌ ‌‌Goldman‌^‌, E.A.,‌ ‌Watowich‌^‌, M.M,‌‌ ‌Sams‌,‌ S.N., ‌‌Song, J., Horvath‌^‌, J.E.,‌ ‌Sterner‌^‌, K.N.,‌ ‌‌Ruiz-Lambides‌,‌ A.V.,‌ ‌Martínez‌^‌, M.I.,‌ ‌Higham‌^‌, J.P.,‌ ‌‌Brent‌^‌, L.J.N,‌ ‌‌Platt‌^‌, M.L. & ‌‌Snyder-Mackler, N.‌^‌ 2020. Rhesus‌ ‌macaques‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌tractable‌ ‌physiological‌ ‌model‌ ‌of‌ ‌human‌ ‌ageing‌ .

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 375: 20190612

Lee, D.S., Mandalaywala, T., Dubuc, C., Widdig, A., Higham, J.P. 2020. Higher early life mortality with lower infant body mass in a free‐ranging primate.

Journal of Animal Ecology 89: 2300-2310

Petersen, R.M. & Higham, J.P. 2020. The role of sexual selection in the evolution of facial displays in male nonhuman primates and men.

Adaptive Human Behavior & Physiology 6: 249–276

DeCasien, A.R., Sherwood C.C., Schapiro, S.J. & Higham, J.P. 2020. Greater variability in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) brain structure among males.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287: 20192858

Higham, J.P., Stahl-Hennig, C., & Heistermann, M. 2020. Urinary suPAR: a non-invasive biomarker of infection and tissue inflammation for use in studies of large free-ranging mammals.

Royal Society Open Science 7: 191825

Thompson, N.A., Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M., Vogel, E.R., & Cords, M. 2020. Energy balance but not competitive environment corresponds with allostatic load during development in an Old World monkey.

Hormones and Behavior 119: 104664

Winters, S., Allen, W.L., Higham, J.P. 2020.The structure of species discrimination signals across a primate radiation.

eLife 9: e47428

Young, M.I.M., Winters, S., Young, C., Weiß, B.M., Troscianko, J., Ganswindt, A., Barrett, L., Henzi, S.P., Higham, J.P., Widdig, A. 2020. Male characteristics as predictors of genital color and display variation in vervet monkeys.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74:14.

Kimock, C., Dubuc, C., Brent, L.J.N., Higham, J.P. 2019. Male morphological traits are heritable but do not predict reproductive success in a sexually-dimorphic primate.

Scientific Reports 9: 19794

Fischer, J.*, Higham, J.P.*, Alberts, S.C., Barrett, L., Beehner, J.C., Bergman, T.J., Carter, A.J., Collins A., Elton, S., Fagot, J., Ferreira da Silva, M.J., Hammerschmidt, K., Henzi, P., Jolly, C., Knauf, S., Kopp, G.H., Rogers, J., Roos, C., Ross, C., Seyfarth, R.M., Silk, J., Snyder-Mackler, N., Städele, V., Swedell, L., Wilson, M.L, Zinner, D. 2019. Insights into the evolution of social systems and species from baboon studies. *These authors contributed equally to this work

eLife 8: e50989

Higham, J.P. 2019. A comparative perspective on measures of cycle phase, and how they relate to cues, signals, and mating behavior: a commentary on Gangestad et al.

Evolution and Human Behavior 40: 533-536

Moreira, L.A.A., Duytschaever, G., Higham, J.P. Melin, A.D. 2019. Platyrrhine color signals: New horizons to pursue.

Evolutionary Anthropology 28: 236-248

DeCasien, A.R., Higham, J.P. 2019. Primate mosaic brain evolution reflects selection on sensory and cognitive specialization.

Nature Ecology and Evolution 3: 1483–1493.

Petersdorf, M., Weyher, A.H., Kamilar, J.M., Dubuc, C., Higham, J.P. 2019. Sexual selection in the Kinda baboon.

Journal of Human Evolution 135: 102635.

Rigaill, L., Higham, J.P., Winters, S., Garcia, C. 2019. The redder the better? Information content of red skin coloration in female Japanese macaques.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 73: 103.

Lee, D.S., Ruiz-Lambides, A.V., Higham, J.P. 2019. Higher offspring mortality with short interbirth intervals in free-ranging rhesus macaques

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 116: 6057-6062

Rosenfield, K.A., Semple, S., Georgiev, A.V., Maestripieri, D., Higham, J.P., Dubuc, C. 2019. Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques Macaca mulattaperceive variation in male facial masculinity

Royal Society Open Science 6: 181415.

Ma, W.J. & Higham, J.P. 2018. The role of familiarity in signaler-receiver interactions.
Journal of the Royal Society Interface 15: 20180568

Higham J.P., Dominy N.J. 2018. The promise of primatology fulfilled?

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 166: 783–790.

Dominy, N.J., Winters, S., Pease, D.E., Higham, J.P. 2018. Dr Seuss and the real Lorax.

Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1196–1198.

Mandalaywala, T.M., Petrullo, L., Parker, K., Maestripieri, D. & Higham, J.P. Vigilance for threat accounts for inter-individual variation in physiological responses to adversity in rhesus macaques: a cognition x environment approach.

Developmental Psychobiology 59: 1031-1038.

Petersdorf, M., Dubuc, C., Georgiev, A., Winters, S. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Is the red facial coloration of male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) subject to intrasexual selection?

Behavioral Ecology 28: 1472-148.

Hiramatsu, C., Melin, A.D., Allen, W.L., Dubuc, C. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Experimental evidence that primate trichromacy is well suited for detecting primate social colour signals.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284: 20162458.

Roney, J.R. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Synthesizing research on field endocrinology of nonhuman primates and humans.

Hormones and Behavior 91: 1-2.

DeCasien, A.R., Williams, S.A. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Primate brain size is predicted by diet but not sociality.

Nature Ecology and Evolution 1:0112.

Hammond, A.S., Johnson, V.P. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Hip joint mobility in free-ranging rhesus macaques.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58: 83-91

Rigaill, L., MacIntosh, A.J.J., Higham, J.P., Winters, S., Shimizu, K., Mouri, K., Suzumura, T., Furuichi, T., Garcia, C. 2017. Testing for links between face color and age, dominance status, parity, weight, and intestinal nematode infection in a sample of female Japanese macaques.

Primates 58: 83-91.

Petrullo, L., Mandalaywala, T.M., Parker, K., Maestripieri, D. & Higham, J.P. 2016. Effects of early-life adversity on cortisol/salivary alpha-amylase symmetry in free-ranging juvenile rhesus macaques.

Hormones and Behavior 86: 78-84.

Higham, J.P. 2016. Field endocrinology of nonhuman primates: past, present and future.

Hormones and Behavior 84: 145-155

Dubuc, C., Allen, W.L., Cascio, J., Lee, D.S., Maestripieri, D., Petersdorf, M., Winters, S. & Higham, J.P. 2016. Who cares? Experimental attention biases provide new insights into a mammalian sexual signal.

Behavioral Ecology 27: 68-74

Grueter, C.C., Zhu, P., Allen, W.L., Higham, J.P., Ren, B. & Li, M. 2015. Sexually-selected lip colour indicates male group-holding status in the mating season in a multi-level primate society.

Royal Society Open Science 2: 150490

Heistermann, M. & Higham, J.P. 2015 Urinary neopterin, a non-invasive marker of mammalian cellular immune activation, is highly stable under field conditions.

Scientific Reports 5: 16308

Fischer, J., Wheeler, B.C., & Higham, J.P. 2015. Is there any evidence for vocal learning in chimpanzee food calls?

Current Biology 25, R1-R2

Rigaill, L., MacIntosh, A.J.J., Higham, J.P., Winters, S., Shimizu, K., Mouri, K., Takeshi, F. & Garcia, C. Multimodal advertisement of pregnancy in free-ranging female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata).

PLOS One 10(8): e0135127

Higham, J.P., Kraus, C., Stahl-Hennig, C., Engelhardt, A., Fuchs, D. & Heistermann, M. 2015. Evaluating non-invasive markers of non-human primate immune activation and inflammation.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158: 673-684

Winters, S., Dubuc, C. & Higham, J.P. 2015. The looking time experimental paradigm in studies of animal visual perception and cognition.

Ethology 121: 625-640

Allen, W.L. & Higham, J.P. 2015. Assessing the potential information content of multicomponent visual signals: A machine learning approach.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282: 20142284

MacLarnon, A.M., Sommer, V., Goffe, A.S., Higham, J.P., Lodge, E., Tkaczynski, P. & Ross, C. 2015. Assessing adaptability and reactive scope: a new measure and a case study of environmental stress in forest-living baboons.
General and Comparative Endocrinology 215: 10-24

Dubuc, C., Winters, S., Allen, W.L., Brent, L.J.N., Cascio, J., Maestripieri, D.M., Ruiz-Lambides, A., Widdig, A. & Higham, J.P. 2014. Sexually-selected skin color is heritable and related to fecundity in a non-human primate.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281: 20141602

Mandalaywala, T.M., Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M., Parker, K.J. & Maestripieri D. 2014. Physiological and behavioral stress responses to weaning conflict in free-ranging primate infants.

Animal Behaviour 91: 241-247

Hughes, K.D., Higham, J.P., Allen, W.L., Elliot, A.J. & Hayden, B.Y. 2015. Extraneous red drives female macaques’ gaze toward photographs of male conspecifics.

Evolution and Human Behavior 36: 25-31

Allen, W.L., Stevens, M & Higham, J.P. 2014. Character displacement of Cercopithecini primate visual signals.

Nature Communications 5: 4266

Higham, J.P. & Maestripieri, D. 2014. The costs of reproductive success in Cayo Santiago male rhesus macaques.

International Journal of Primatology 35: 661-676

Dubuc, C., Allen, W.L., Maestripieri, D. & Higham, J.P. 2014. Is male rhesus macaque red colour ornamentation attractive to females?

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68: 1215-1224

Higham, J.P. 2014. How does honest costly signaling work?Behavioral Ecology 25: 8-11

Higham, J.P. & Hebets, E.A. 2013. An introduction to multimodal communication.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67: 1381-1388

Wilson A., Dean, M. & Higham, J.P. 2013. A game theoretic approach to multimodal communication.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67: 1399-1415

Higham, J.P., Pfefferle, D., Heistermann, M., Maestripieri, D. & Stevens, M. 2013. Signaling in multiple modalities in male rhesus macaques: barks and sex skin coloration in relation to androgen levels, social status and mating behavior.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67: 1457-1469

Semple, S. & Higham, J.P. 2013. Primate signals: Current issues and perspectives.

American Journal of Primatology 75: 613-620

Allen, W.L. & Higham, J.P. 2013. Analyzing visual signals as visual scenes.

American Journal of Primatology 75: 664-682

Rigaill, L., Higham, J.P., Lee, PC., Blin, A. & Garcia, C. 2013. Multimodal sexual signaling and mating behavior in olive baboons (Papio anubis).

American Journal of Primatology 75: 774-787

Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M. & Maestripieri, D. 2013. The endocrinology of male rhesus macaque social and reproductive status: a test of the challenge and social stress hypotheses.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 67: 19-30

Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M., Saggau, C., Agil, M., Perwitasari-Farajallah, D. & Engelhardt, A. 2012. Sexual signaling in the crested macaque and the evolution of primate fertility signals.

BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 89

Mandalaywala, T.M., Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M. & Maestripieri, D. 2011. Infant bystanders modulate the effects of ovarian hormones on socio-sexual behaviour in free-ranging female rhesus macaques.

Behaviour 148: 1137-1155

Higham, J.P., Girard-Buttoz, C., Engelhardt, A. & Heistermann, M. 2011 Urinary C-peptide of insulin as a non-invasive marker of nutritional status: some practicalities.

PLoS One 6: e22398

Higham, J.P., Hughes, K.D., Brent, L.J.N., Dubuc, C., Engelhardt, A., Heistermann, M., Maestripieri, D., Santos, L.R & Stevens, M. 2011. Familiarity affects assessment of facial signals of female fertility by free-ranging male rhesus macaques.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 3452-3458

Hoffman, C.L., Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M., Prendergast, B., Coe, C. & Maestripieri, D. 2011. Immune function and HPA axis activity in free-ranging rhesus macaques.

Physiology and Behavior 104: 507-514

Girard-Buttoz, C., Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M., Wedegärtner, S., Maestripieri, D. & Engelhardt, A. 2011. Urinary c-peptide measurement as a marker of nutritional status in macaques.

PLoS One 6: e18042

Higham, J.P., Heistermann, M. & Maestripieri, D. 2011. The energetics of male-male endurance rivalry in rhesus macaques.

Animal Behaviour 81: 1001-1007

Higham, J.P., Barr, C.S., Hoffman, C.L., Mandalaywala, T.M., Parker, K.J. & Maestripieri, D. 2011. Mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) variation, oxytocin levels and maternal behavior in free-ranging rhesus macaques.

Behavioral Neuroscience 125: 131-136

De Vere, R., Warren, Y., Nicholas, A., MacKenzie, M.E. & Higham, J.P. 2011. Nest site ecology of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) in the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, Cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence.

American Journal of Primatology 73: 253-261

Higham, J.P. & Maestripieri, D. 2010. Revolutionary coalitions in male rhesus macaques.

Behaviour 147: 1889-1908

Higham, J.P., Vitale, A.B., Mas-Rivera, A., Ayala, J.E. & Maestripieri, D. 2010. Measuring salivary analytes from free-ranging monkeys.

Physiology & Behavior 101: 601-607

Hoffman, C.L., Higham, J.P., Mas-Rivera, A., Ayala, J.E. & Maestripieri, D. 2010. Terminal investment and senescence in rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago.

Behavioral Ecology 21: 972-978

Higham, J.P., Brent, L.J.N., Dubuc, C., Accamando, A,K., Engelhardt, A., Gerald, M.S., Heistermann, M. & Stevens, M. 2010. Color signal information content and the eye of the beholder: a case study in the rhesus macaque.

Behavioral Ecology 21: 739-746

Higham, J.P. MacLarnon, A.M., Heistermann, M., Ross, C. & Semple, S. 2009. Self-directed behaviours and faecal glucocorticoid levels are not correlated in female wild olive baboons.

Stress 12: 526-532

Higham, J.P. Primate Coloration – An introduction to the special issue. 2009.

International Journal of Primatology 30: 749-751

Marty, J.M., Higham, J.P., Gadsby, E.L., & Ross, C. 2009 Color, dominance and social and sexual behavior in male drills.

International Journal of Primatology 30: 807-823

Stevens, M., Stoddard, M.C., & Higham, J.P. 2009. Studying primate color: towards visual system dependent methods.

International Journal of Primatology 30: 893-917

Higham, J.P., Semple, S. MacLarnon, A., Heistermann, M. & Ross, C. 2009. Female reproductive signals, and male mating behavior, in the olive baboon.

Hormones and Behavior 55: 60-67

Higham, J.P., Warren, Y., Adanu, J. Bubu, U. MacLarnon, A., Sommer, V. & Ross, C. 2009. Living on the edge: Life-history of olive baboons at Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria.

American Journal of Primatology 71: 293-304

Higham, J.P., MacLarnon, A., Ross, C., Heistermann, M. & Semple, S. 2008 Baboon sexual swellings: Information content of size and color.

Hormones and Behavior 53: 452-462

Higham, J.P. Heistermann, M., Ross, C., Semple, S. & MacLarnon, A. 2008. The timing of ovulation with respect to sexual swelling detumescence in wild olive baboons.

Primates 49: 295-299

Higham, J.P., Ross, C., Warren, Y., Heistermann, M. & MacLarnon, A. 2007 Reduced reproductive function in wild baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis) related to natural consumption of the African black plum (Vitex doniana).

Hormones and Behavior 52: 384-390

Asakura, T., Umemura, K., Nakazawa, Y., Hirose, H., Higham, J.P. & Knight, D. 2007 Some observations on the structure and function of the spinning apparatus in the silkworm Bombyx mori.

Biomacromolecules 8: 175-181

Higham, J.P. & Gosler, A.G. 2006 Speckled eggs: water loss and incubation behaviour in the Great tit Parus major.

Oecologia 149: 561-570

Gosler, A.G., Higham, J.P. & Reynolds, S.J. 2005 Why are birds’ eggs speckled?

Ecology Letters 8: 1105-1113

Book Chapters & Encyclopedia Entries

Winters S, Petersdorf M, Higham JP. 2019. Charles Darwin and selection in relation to sex in colors of monkeys.

In: Darwin’s Roadmap to the Curriculum: Evolutionary Studies in Higher Education. Eds DS Wilson, G Geher, H Mativetsky, AC Gallup. Oxford University Press: New York.

Petersen R.M., Dubuc C., Higham J.P. 2018. Facial displays of dominance in non-human primates.

In: The Facial Displays of Leaders. Ed Senior, C. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Petersdorf, M. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Mating systems, Primates.

In: International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken: New Jersey.

Higham, J.P. 2017. Sperm competition.

In: The International Encyclopedia of Primatology. Wiley Blackwell. Hoboken: New Jersey. In Press

Higham, J.P. & Petersdorf, M. 2017. Sexual swellings.

In: The International Encyclopedia of Primatology. Wiley Blackwell. Hoboken: New Jersey. In Press

Petersdorf, M. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Mating systems.

In: The International Encyclopedia of Primatology. Wiley Blackwell. Hoboken: New Jersey. In Press

Higham, J.P. 2016. Multimodal Communication.

In: The missing lemur link: an ancestral step in human evolution (Palagi, E. & Norscia I.) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Higham, J.P. & Dubuc, C. 2015. The evolution of female fertility signals in macaques.
In: eLS (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences). Wiley Blackwell. Hoboken: New Jersey.

Higham, J.P. & Winters, S. 2015. Color and mate choice in nonhuman animals.

In: The handbook of color psychology Eds Elliot, A.J. & Fairchild, M.D. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. pp 502-530. ISBN: 978-1-107-04323-7

Higham, J.P. 2013. Primate visual signals.

In: McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 2014. McGraw-Hill Professional: New York

Warren, Y., Higham, J.P., MacLarnon, A. & Ross, C. 2011. Crop-raiding and commensalism: the costs and benefits of living with humans.

In: Primates of Gashaka Eds. Sommer, V & Ross, C. Developments in primatology: progress and prospects. Springer. Series Ed. Tuttle, R.H.

Ross, C., Warren, Y., MacLarnon, A. & Higham, J.P. 2011. How different are Gashaka’s baboons? A comparison of forest-living and open-country populations.

In: Primates of Gashaka Eds. Sommer, V & Ross, C. Developments in primatology: progress and prospects. Springer. Series Ed. Tuttle, R.H.

Other journal publications

Setchell, J.M., Fernandez-Duque, E. Higham, J.P., Rothman, J.M., Schulke, O. 2016. Editorial: Changes and clarifications to the policies of the International Journal of Primatology to promote transparency and open communication.

International Journal of Primatology 37: 617-627.

Petersdorf, M. & Higham, J.P. 2015. Katja Liebal, Bridget M. Waller, Anne M. Burrows, Katie E. Slocombe: Primate Communication: A Multimodal Approach.

International Journal of Primatology 36: 1055-1059

Winters, S. & Higham, J.P. 2015. Martin Stevens: Sensory Ecology, Behaviour, and Evolution.

International Journal of Primatology 36: 205-208

Dubuc, C. & Higham, J.P. 2014. Quite the complexion: rhesus monkey face redness is passed on to their offspring, and affects their reproductive fitness.

Biosphere 2: 50-55

Higham, J.P., Amann, A.L., Bryer, M.A.H., Thompson, N.A. & Winters, S. 2013. Review of “The Evolution of Primate Societies” (Eds. John C. Mitani, Josep Call, Peter M. Kappeler, Ryne A. Palombit & Joan B. Silk).

International Journal of Primatology 34: 1298-1303

Higham, J.P. 2011. Review of “The Japanese Macaques” (Eds., Naofumi, N., Nakamichi, N. & Sugiura, H.).

International Journal of Primatology 32: 1033-1036

Semple, S., Higham, J.P., MacLarnon, A., Ross, C. & Lehmann, J. 2010. Comment on ‘Pan Thanatology’.

Current Biology http://www.cell.com/current-biology/comments/S0960-9822(10)00145-4

Wiseman, R., Warren, Y., Nicholas, A., MacKenzie, M., & Higham, J.P. 2008. A GIS habitat map for the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, Cameroon.

Gorilla Journal 37: 12-14

Research Interests

I am interested in the molecular mechanisms underlying non-human primate response to change and stress across the lifespan. My focus is on the genetic basis of gene regulation and relative contributions of epigenetic and environmental factors to differences in gene expression and its downstream biological consequences (immediate and long-term). Using functional genomics, I hope to identify genetic associations with regulatory phenotypes and variants mediating response to large natural disturbances like hurricanes, focusing on immune and stress response pathways, as well as age-associated processes.

Education

2018 B.S. Biology, B.A. Anthropology, Syracuse University

Published Abstracts

Fuchs, A. J., Kitrinos, C. and Costa, C. E. (2020) ‘The fifth annual Northeastern Evolutionary Primatologists meeting at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst’, Evolutionary Anthropology, 29(1), pp. 3–5.

Costa, CE., Braun, DR., Matsuzawa, T., Carvalho, S., Almeida‐Warren, K. (2019). Water Sources and Tool Site Distributions: Hominins and Chimpanzees Compared (abstract). PaleoAnthropology.

Publications

Higham, J.P., Kimock, C.M., Mandalaywala, T.M., Heistermann, M., Cascio, J., Petersdorf, M., Winters, S., Allen, W.L., Dubuc, C. Female ornaments: is red skin color attractive to males and related to condition in rhesus macaques? Behavioral Ecology DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa12

Lee, D.S., Mandalaywala, T., Dubuc, C., Widdig, A., Higham, J.P. (2020). Higher early life mortality with lower infant body mass in a free‐ranging primate. Journal of Animal Ecology doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.13291

Kimock, C., Dubuc, C., Brent, L.J.N., Higham, J.P. (2019) Male morphological traits are heritable but do not predict reproductive success in a sexually-dimorphic primate. Scientific Reports 9: 19794

Petersdorf, M., Weyher, A.H., Kamilar, J.M., Dubuc. C., Higham, J.P. (2019). Sexual selection in the Kinda baboon. Journal of Human Evolution 135: 102635.
 

Dantzer, B., Dubuc, C., Goncalves, I.B., Cram, D.L., Bennett, N.C., Ganswindt, A., Heistermann, M., Duncan, C., Gaynor, C., Clutton-Brock, T.H. (2019). The development of individual differences in cooperative behaviour: maternal glucocorticoid hormones alter helping behaviour of offspring in wild meerkats. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 374: 20180117.

Dubuc, C., Clutton-Brock, T.H. (2019). Male immigration triggers increased growth in subordinate female meerkats. Ecology and Evolution 9:1127–1134.

Rosenfield, K.A., Semple, S., Georgiev, A.V., Maestripieri, D., Higham, J.P., Dubuc, C. 2019. Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta perceive variation in male facial masculinity. Royal Society Open Science 6: 181415.

Petersen R.M., Dubuc C., Higham J.P. (2018). Facial displays of dominance in non-human primates. In: The Facial Displays of Leaders. Ed Senior, C. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Dantzer, B., Goncalves, I.B., Spence-Jones, H.C., Bennett, N.C., Heistermann, M., Ganswindt, A., Dubuc, C., Gaynor, D., Manser, M.B., Clutton-Brock, T.H., 2017. The influence of stress hormones and aggression on cooperative behaviour in subordinate meerkats. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284: 20171248.

Petersdorf, M., Dubuc, C., Georgiev, A., Winters, S. & Higham, J.P. (2017). Is the red facial coloration of male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) subject to intrasexual selection? Behavioral Ecology 28: 1472-1481.

Dubuc, C., English, S., Thavarajah, N., Dantzer, B., Sharp, S. P., Spence-Jones, H. C., ... & Clutton-Brock, T. H. (2017). Increased food availability raises eviction rate in a cooperative breeding mammal. Biology Letters, 13(4): 20160961.

Hiramatsu, C., Melin, A.D., Allen, W.L., Dubuc, C. & Higham, J.P. (2017). Experimental evidence that primate trichromacy is well suited for detecting primate social colour signals. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284: 20162458.

Dubuc, C., Allen, W.L., Cascio, J., Lee, S., Maestripieri, M., Petersdorf, M., Winters, S. & Higham, J.P (2016). Who cares? Experimental attention biases provide new insights into a mammalian sexual signal. Behavioral Ecology 27 (1): 68-74

Winters, S., Dubuc, C. & Higham, J.P. (2015). The looking time experimental paradigm in studies of animal visual perception and cognition. Ethology 121:625-640

Higham, J.P. & Dubuc, C. (2015). The evolution of female fertility signals in macaques. In: eLS (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences). Wiley Blackwell. Hoboken: New Jersey. DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0024968

Dubuc, C., Winters, S., Allen, W.L., Brent, L.J.N., Cascio, J., Maestripieri, D.M., Ruiz-Lambides, A.V., Widdig, A., & Higham, J.P. (2014). Sexually-selected skin colour is heritable and linked to fecundity in a non-human primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 281: 20141602

Dubuc, C., Ruiz-Lambides, A., & Widdig, A. (2014). Variance in male lifetime reproductive success and estimation of the degree of polygyny in a primate. Behavioral Ecology, 25:878-889.

Dubuc, C., Allen, W.L., Maestripieri, D., & Higham, J.P. (2014). Is male rhesus macaque red color ornamentation attractive to females? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 68:1215-1224.

Dubuc, C., Coyne, S.P., & Maestripieri, D. (2013). Effect of mating activity and dominance rank on male masturbation among free-ranging male rhesus macaques. Ethology, 119:1-8.

Dubuc, C., Muniz, L., Heistermann, M., Widdig, A., & Engelhardt, A. (2012). Do males time their mate-guarding effort with the fertile phase in order to secure fertilisation in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques? Hormones and Behavior, 61: 696-705.

Dubuc, C., Hughes, K.D, Cascio, J., & Santos, L. (2012). Social tolerance in a despotic primate: co-feeding between consortship partners in rhesus macaques. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148: 73-80.

Dubuc, C., Muniz, L., Heistermann, M., Engelhardt, A., & Widdig, A. (2011). Testing the priority-of-access model in a seasonally breeding primate species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65: 1615-1627.

Brent, L.J.N., Semple, S., Dubuc, C., Heistermann, M., & MacLarnon, A. (2011). Social capital and physiological stress levels in adult female rhesus macaques. Physiology and Behavior, 102: 76-83.

Bélisle, P., Prud’homme, J., & Dubuc, C. (2012). The impact of kinship, defence cost and priority of access on food competition. In: The Monkeys of Stormy Mountain: 60 Years of Primatological Research on the Japanese Macaques of Arashiyama. Jean-Baptiste Leca, Michael A. Huffman & Paul L. Vasey, Eds. Cambridge University Press. pp. 331-355.

Higham, J.P, Hughes, K.D, Brent, L.J.N., Dubuc, C., Engelhardt, A., Heistermann, M., Maestripieri, D, Santos, L.R., & Stevens, M. (2011). Familiarity affects the assessment of facial signals in free-ranging rhesus macaques. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 278: 3452-3458.

Neumann, C., Duboscq, J., Dubuc, C., Ginting, A., Maulana Irwan, A., Agil, M., Widdig, A., & Engelhardt, A. (2011). Assessing dominance hierarchies: validation and advantages of progressive evaluation with Elo rating. Animal Behaviour, 82: 911-921.

Higham, J.P., Brent, L.J.N., Dubuc, C., Accamando, A., Engelhardt, A., Gerald, M.S., Heistermann, M., & Stevens, M. (2010). Color signal information content and the eye of the beholder: a case study in the rhesus macaque. Behavioral Ecology, 21: 739-746.

Dubuc, C., Brent, L.J.N., Accamando, A.K., Gerald, M.S., MacLarnon, A., Semple, S., Heistermann, M., & Engelhardt, A. (2009). Sexual skin color contains information about the timing of the fertile phase in free-ranging rhesus macaques. International Journal of Primatology, 30: 777-789.

Dubuc, C., & Chapais, B. (2007). Feeding competition in Macaca fascicularis: An assessment of the early arrival tactic. International Journal of Primatology, 28: 357-367.

Research Interests

I am interested in the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in primates and other mammals. For my dissertation, I am studying the evolution and function of large male canine teeth in rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. I am integrating morphological, genetic, and behavioral data to better understand how variation in canine tooth size is produced and maintained.

Education

2015 M.A. Anthropology, George Washington University

2013 B.A. Anthropology, American University

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Colby, A.E., Kimock, C.M. & Higham, J.P. 2021. Endocranial volume is variable and heritable, but not related to fitness, in a free-ranging primate. Scientific Reports 11: 4235

Higham, J.P., Kimock, C.M., Mandalaywala, T.M., Heistermann, M., Cascio, J., Petersdorf, M., Winters, S., Allen, W.L., Dubuc, C. Female ornaments: is red skin color attractive to males and related to condition in rhesus macaques? Behavioral Ecology doi: 10.1093/beheco/araa121

Locke EM, Benefit BR, Kimock CM, Miller ER, Nengo I. 2020. New dentognathic fossils of Noropithecus bulukensis (Primates, Victoriapithecidae) from the Late Early Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 148:102886. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102886

Kimock CM, Dubuc C, Brent LJN, Higham JP. 2019. Male morphological traits are heritable but do not predict reproductive success in a sexually-dimorphic primate. Scientific Reports 9:19794. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52633-4

Ortiz A, Zhang Y, Jin C, Wang Y, Zhu M, Yan Y, Kimock C, Villamil CI, He K and Harrison T. 2019. Morphometric analysis of fossil hylobatid molars from the Pleistocene of southern China. Anthropological Science. 127(2):190331. doi: 10.1537/ase.190331

Fan PF, He K, Chen X, Ortiz A, Zhang B, Zhao C, Li YQ, Zhang HB, Kimock C, Wang WZ, Groves C, Turvey ST, Roos C, Helgen KM, Jiang XL. 2017. Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy. American Journal of Primatology. 79(5):e22631. doi:10.1002/ajp.22631

Other Publications

Kimock CM, Evans KD, and Petersen RM. 2017. The second meeting of the Northeastern Evolutionary Primatologists. Evolutionary Anthropology. 26(2):42-43. doi:10.1002/evan.21529

Research Interests

I am broadly interested in molecular changes that occur over the aging process, how sex and social integration modulate these changes, and the impact of these changes on phenotypic markers of aging. I am also interested in primate behavioral endocrinology, especially the relationship between stress, sociality, and health.

Education

2015 B.S. Biology, Boston College

Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Ballard, E. D., Waldman, L., Yarrington, J. S., Gerlus, N., Newman, L. E., Lee, L., Sparks, M., Liberty, V., Pao, M., Park, L., & Zarate, C. A. (2020). Neurobiological research with suicidal participants: A framework for investigators. General Hospital Psychiatry, 62, 43–48.

Worley, N. B., Dumais, K. M., Yuan, J. C., Newman, L. E., Alonso, A. G., Gillespie, T. C., Hobbs, N.J., Breedlove, S. M., Jordan, C. L., Bredewold, R., & Veenema, A. H. (2019). Oestrogen and androgen receptor activation contribute to the masculinisation of oxytocin receptors in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 31(8), e12760.

Richards, E. M., Zanotti-Fregonara, P., Fujita, M., Newman, L.E., Farmer, C., Ballard, E. D., ... & Henter, I. D. (2018). PET radioligand binding to translocator protein (TSPO) is increased in unmedicated depressed subjects. EJNMMI research, 8(1), 57.

Park M., Newman L.E., Gold P.W., Luckenbaugh D.A., Yuan P., Machado-Vieira R., Zarate C.A. Jr. (2016). Change in Cytokine Levels is Not Associated with Antidepressant Response to Ketamine in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression. The Journal of Psychiatric Research 84:113-118.

Lucantonio F., Gardner M.P., Mirenzi A., Newman L.E., Takahashi Y.K., Schoenbaum G. (2015). Neural Estimates of Imagined Outcomes in Basolateral Amygdala Depend on Orbitofrontal Cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 35(50): 16521–16530.

Book chapters and encyclopedia entries

Newman, L. E., & Higham, J. P. (2019). Intrasexual Male Competition. In T. K. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science (pp. 1–7). Springer International Publishing.

Research Interests

For my masters project I studied the relationship between sociality and fitness in the rhesus macaque through non-invasive markers of immune activation and HPA axis function. This research aimed to uncover the role of the immune and endocrine system in mediating the negative health consequences associated with low social integration. For my PhD dissertation, I am studying both pre- and post-copulatory mechanisms by which female primates bias paternity. Specifically, I am interested in mechanisms of cryptic female choice and exploring how sexual selection has acted on female physiology in order to better understand the co-evolution of reproductive strategies in male and female primates.

Education

2017 M.A. Biological Anthropology, New York University

2013 B.S. Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Publications

Petersen, R.M. & Higham, J.P. The role of sexual selection in the evolution of facial displays in male nonhuman primates and men. Adaptive Human Behavior & Physiology 6: 249–276

Petersen R.M. Female choice. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. (ed. C Dubuc). Springer publishing.

Petersen R.M. Ejaculate. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. (ed. C Dubuc). Springer publishing.

Petersen R.M., Dubuc C., Higham J.P. (2018). Facial displays of dominance in non-human primates. In: The Facial Displays of Leaders. Ed Senior, C. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Milich, K.M., Georgiev, A.V., Petersen, R.M., Thompson, M.E., Maestripieri, D. (2017). Alpha male status and availability of conceptive females are associated with high glucocorticoid concentrations in high-ranking male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) during the mating season. Hormones and Behavior 97: 5-13.

Kimock, C.M., Evans, K.D., Petersen, R.M. (2017). The second meeting of the Northeastern Evolutionary Primatologists. Evolutionary Anthropology 26: 42-43.

DeCasien, A.R., Evans, K.D., Fuong, H., Lee, D.S., Petersdorf, M., Petersen, R.M., Shackelford, C.M. (2016). Crickette M. Sanz, Josep Call, and Christophe Boesch (Eds.): Tool Use in Animals: Cognition and Ecology. International Journal of Primatology 37: 608-611.

Milich, K.M., Georgiev, A.V., Petersen, R.M., Thompson, M.E. and Maestripieri, D., (2016). Social status, seasonality, and stress: Variation in glucocorticoid concentrations of high-ranking male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) [abstract]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159(S62): 229.

Research Interests

Comparative and functional anatomy, musculoskeletal biology, digital imaging and microscopy, 3D modeling, muscle-bone attachment regions

Current work: Relationships between soft tissue morphology and skeletal correlates in the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. This post-doctoral position is focused on the reconstruction of soft tissue and life history variables from skeletal remains using the rhesus macaque population of Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. This project collects antemortem somatometric and microbiome data for comparison against skeletonized tissues to assess the utility of forensic skeletal markers for the reconstruction of living behavior.

Education

2018 Ph.D. Human Paleobiology, George Washington University

2012 B.A. Physical Anthropology and Geology, University of Pennsylvania

Publications

Diogo R, Potau JM, Pastor JF, de Paz FJ, Arias Martorell J, Turcotte C, Hammond A, Shearer B, Vereecke E, Vanhoof M, Nauwelaerts S and B Wood (2017) Photographic and Descriptive Musculoskeletal Atlas of Bonobos. 1st ed. Springer.

Research Interests

For my dissertation I studied the form and function of guenon face patterns. Guenons are a group of forest monkeys in Africa that exhibit an extraordinary variety of colorful facial displays. Guenons often form polyspecfic groups in which up to six species live side by side, however hybridization between species, while possible, is rare in undisturbed circumstances. This indicates that there are likely pre-mating barriers to heterospecific mating; previous research in my lab has indicated that the face patterns exhibited by guenons are likely contributing to maintaining species boundaries and have been under selective pressures to diversify (i.e. there is evidence of character displacement in sympatric species groups). I extended this research using a variety of techniques, including computational recognition algorithms based on photographs of guenon faces, modeling of evolutionary scenarios, experiments to assess guenon preferences, and measurements of guenon behavior and ecology.

Education

2019 Ph.D. Biological Anthropology, New York University
2015 M.A. Biological Anthropology, New York University

2011 M.S. Primate Behavior, Central Washington University

2008 B.S. Anthropology and Psychology, University of Maryland

Publications

Peer-reviewed journal articles & book sections

Higham JP, Kimock CM, Mandalaywala TM, Heistermann M, Cascio J, Petersdorf M, Winters S, Allen WL, Dubuc C. Female ornaments: is red skin color attractive to males and related to condition in rhesus macaques? Behavioral Ecology DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/araa12

Ghazanfar AA, Kelly LM, Takahashi DY, Winters S, Terrett R, Higham JP. Domestication phenotype linked to vocal communication in a nonhuman primate. Current Biology In Press

Winters S, Allen WL, Higham JP. 2020. The structure of species discrimination signals across a primate radiation. eLife 9: e47428

Young MIM, Winters S, Young C, Weiß BM, Troscianko J, Ganswindt A, Barrett L, Henzi SP, Higham JP, Widdig A. 2020. Male characteristics as predictors of genital color and display variation in vervet monkeys. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74:14.

Rigaill L, Higham JP, Winters S, Garcia C. 2019. The redder the better? Information content of red skin coloration in female Japanese macaques. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 73: 103.

Winters S, Petersdorf M, Higham JP. 2019. Charles Darwin and selection in relation to sex in colors of monkeys. In: DS Wilson, G Geher, H Mativetsky, AC Gallup (Eds), Darwin’s Roadmap to the Curriculum: Evolutionary Studies in Higher Education (pp. 97-116). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Winters S. 2019. Aposematism. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Vonk J & Shackelford TK (eds). Springer, Cham. In press (early access available online). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_313-1 

​

Winters S. 2019. Ornamentation. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Vonk J & Shackelford TK (eds). Springer, Cham. In press (early access available online). doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_315-1 

Dominy, N.J., Winters, S., Pease, D.E., Higham, J.P. 2018. Dr Seuss and the real Lorax. Nature Ecology and Evolution 2: 1196–1198.

Petersdorf, M., Dubuc, C., Georgiev, A., Winters, S. & Higham, J.P. 2017. Is the red facial coloration of male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) subject to intrasexual selection? Behavioral Ecology 28: 1472-1481.

Rigaill L, MacIntosh AJJ, Higham JP, Winters S, Shimizu K, Mouri K, Suzumura T, Furuichi T, Garcia C. 2017. No evidence that face color varies with age, dominance status, parity, weight, and intestinal nematode infection in female Japanese macaques. Primates 58(1): 83-91.

Dubuc C, Allen WL, Casscio J, Lee DS, Maestripieri D, Petersdorf M, Winters S, Higham JP. 2016. Who cares? Experimental attention biases provide new insights into a mammalian sexual signal. Behavioral Ecology 27(1): 68-74

Higham JP & Winters S. 2015. Color and mate choice in non-human animals. In: Handbook of Color Psychology, Elliott AJ & Fairchild MD (eds). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. pp 502-530. ISBN: 978-1-107-04323-7

Rigaill LR, MacIntosh AJJ, Higham JP, Winters S, Shimizu K, Mouri K, Furuichi T, Garcia C. 2015. Multimodal advertisement of pregnancy in free-ranging female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). PLoS One 10(8): e0135127

Winters S, Dubuc C, Higham JP. 2015. Perspectives: the looking time experimental paradigm in studies of animal visual perception and cognition. Ethology 121:1-16. DOI: 10.1111/eth.12378

Dubuc C, Winters S, Allen WL, Brent LJN, Cascio J, Maestripieri D, Ruiz-Lambides AV, Widdig A, Higham JP. 2014. Sexually selected skin colour is heritable and related to fecundity in a non-human primate. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20141602. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1602

Published abstracts

Rigaill LR, MacIntosh AJJ, Higham JP, Winters S, Shimizu K, Mouri K, Furuichi T, Garcia C. In press. Multimodal advertisement of pregnancy in free-ranging female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) [abstract]. Folia Primatologica.

Milich, KM, Dubuc C, Winters S, Allen WL, Rosenfield KA, Graham S, Higham JP, Maestripieri D. 2015. Red-hot males: sexual strategies of high-ranking male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) [abstract]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156(S60):225-226. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22718

Winters S, Kamilar JM, Webster TH, Bradley BJ, Higham JP. 2014. Primate camouflage as seen by felids, raptors, and conspecifics [abstract]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153(S58):275. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22488

Simons N, Winters S, Lorenz J. 2011. Comparative analysis of length polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) in Cercopithecidae [abstract]. American Journal of Primatology 73(S1):83. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20978

Other manuscripts

Winters S & Higham JP. 2015. Martin Stevens: Sensory Ecology, Behaviour, and Evolution. International Journal of Primatology 36:205-208. DOI: 10.1007/s10764-015-9811-y

Winters S, Dunayer ES, Petersdorf M, Simons ND, Tinsman J. 2015. Primatology and conservation in Hanoi, Vietnam. Evolutionary Anthropology 23:201-204. DOI: 10.1002/evan.21429

Winters S. 2015. Primate colors facilitate conspecific communication while remaining cryptic to predators [Master’s thesis]. New York University: New York.

Higham JP, Amann AL, Bryer MAH, Thompson NA, Winters S. 2013. Review of The Evolution of Primate Societies (Eds. John C. Mitani, Josep Call, Peter M. Kappeler, Ryne A. Palombit, and Joan B. Silk). International Journal of Primatology 34:1298-1303. DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9731-7

Winters S. 2011. Social recruitment in Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China [Master’s thesis]. Central Washington University: Ellensburg, WA.